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Date: April 30, 2024 Tue

Time: 1:39 am

Results for stolen goods

30 results found

Author: Queensland Crime and Misconduct Commission

Title: Organised Property Crime Markets in Queensland: A Strategic Assessment

Summary: The purpose of this strategic assessment is to describe the nature and extent of organized property crime markets in Queensland. Organized property crime is defined as a criminal conspiracy involving repeated theft and subsequent receiving of high-value property by a number of people in a criminal network. The property crime market refers to the acquisition and subsequent disposal of stolen property.

Details: Brisbane: Crime and Misconduct Commission, 2009. 47p.

Source: Crime Bulletin Series, No. 9

Year: 2009

Country: Australia

URL:

Shelf Number: 116370

Keywords:
Organized Crime
Property Crime
Stolen Goods

Author: Whiteacre, Kevin

Title: Scrap Yards and Metal Theft Insurance Claims in 51 U.S. Cities

Summary: Metal theft describes the theft of items for the value of their constituent metals. Jurisdictions across the U.S. are reporting increased concerns over metal theft. This study tests the hypothesis that the number of scrap yards in a city correlates with that city's rate of metal theft.

Details: Indianapolis, IN: University of Indianapolis, Community Research Center, 2009. 12p.

Source: Internet Resource; Research Brief #2

Year: 2009

Country: United States

URL:

Shelf Number: 118757

Keywords:
Metal Theft
Receiving Stolen Goods
Scrap Yards
Stolen Goods

Author: Tilley, Nick

Title: Business Views of Organised Crime

Summary: This report describes research that examined the impact of organised crime against businesses located in three high crime residential neighbourhoods in the U.K. The study is based on detailed interviews with managers or owners of 420 businesses in three high crime neighbourhoods. It was concerned with the effects of both direct and indirect organised crime, including: direct victimisation of the businesses from organised crime groups; the creation of a local climate of organised crime and intimidation that drives out certain businesses or acts as a barrier to the establishment of others; and the arrival of unfair competition through the sale and distribution of illicit goods whether stolen, counterfeit or contraband.

Details: London: Home Office, 2008. 66p.

Source: Internet Resource: Research Report 10: Accessed September 22, 2010 at: http://rds.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs08/horr10c.pdf

Year: 2008

Country: United Kingdom

URL: http://rds.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs08/horr10c.pdf

Shelf Number: 113412

Keywords:
Business Crimes
Counterfeiting
Organized Crime
Stolen Goods
Victimization

Author: Dandurand, Yvon

Title: Confident Policing in a Troubled Community: Evaluation of the Vancouver Police Department's City-wide Enforcement Team Initiative: A Report prepared for the City of VAncouver and the Vancouver Agreement Coordination Unit

Summary: This evaluation, sponsored by the Vancouver Agreement Coordination Unit, was designed to assess the impact of the Vancouver Police Department’s City-Wide Enforcement Team (CET) initiative implemented in the Downtown Eastside (DTES) area of the city during the during the months of April-September, 2003. The CET followed a number of previous police interventions in the area that targeted the drug trade and was initiated after a planning process that included an unsuccessful attempt to secure additional fiscal support from the City Council. The CET had three primary objectives: 1) to bring order to a disordered community; 2) to disrupt the open drug market; and, 3) to disrupt the flow of stolen property into the DTES. These objectives were to be achieved by providing an enhanced police presence in the area in an attempt to disperse drug dealers and their user-clients and, in doing so, reduce the levels of disorder and increase safety and security in the area. The CET represented a dramatic departure from the previous “containment” approach wherein policing services were provided to the DTES on a primarily reactive basis. Senior police personnel viewed the initiative as a long-delayed fulfillment of their legislated mandate to provide full policing services to the residents of the DTES. To assess the effectiveness of the CET, in-depth interviews were conducted community residents, business owners, incarcerated offenders, health care professionals, the police officers who were assigned to the DTES at the time the CET was implemented, and IV drug users. In addition, systematic field observations were conducted in the DTES during a three month period and focus group sessions were conducted with community residents, persons involved in the delivery of social services, sex trade workers, and members of NGOs in the DTES. Statistical information from the Vancouver Police Department Computer Aided Dispatch system (CAD), the PRIME record system, the pawnshop data base, as well as from other agencies, including Vancouver Fire and Rescue Services, B.C. Ambulance Service, the Coroner’s Office, and hospital admission data were retrieved and analyzed. The results of the analysis indicate that the CET was successful in disrupting the open drug market, reducing the general levels of social disorder, and enhancing the general feelings of safety and security among persons who live and work in the DTES. The CET was less successful in pursuing drug dealers and the associated criminal activity that was displaced into other areas in District 2 and into adjacent police districts. There is some evidence that the drug market in the DTES adapted to the increased police presence, becoming more orderly, dispersed and moving out of the public realm into private locations. The price and availability of drugs in the area were not significantly impacted. Drug dealers and their clients who were displaced to other areas created localized crime “hot spots” of drug dealing and associated disorder, although this occurred in the context of overall declines in drug and public disorder offences in all police districts in the city during the last nine months of 2003 as compared with the same time period in 2002. With respect to potential detrimental effects of the initiative, there is no evidence that the CET had a measurable impact on the number of fatal drug overdoses in the DTES or adversely affected IV drug users with respect to their access to HIV prevention, needle exchange and other services. Nor is there evidence that the risk behaviour of IV drug users was influenced by the CET initiative in a way that noticeably increased public health risks. The data that were gathered for the evaluation did not allow a determination of whether the CET was successful in interfering with the flow of stolen property into the DTES, although the stolen property market was forced to become more discrete and more of the stolen property may have been fenced out of the immediate DTES area. Police officers, community residents, IV drug users, and others who offered an opinion on the subject shared the view that the stolen property market had not been significantly reduced. Senior police personnel, based on their observations, believed that the flow of stolen property as it existed prior to the CET had been impacted and cited the Extract data to support their view that the quality and value of stolen goods flowing into the DTES had declined. The attempt by the project team to assess the impact of the CET on the stolen property market in the DTES was hindered by methodological difficulties. There was general support among community residents, business owners, sex trade workers, and IV drug users for the increased police presence in the area and with the performance of the police. There was also an expressed desire that the police enhance their relations with the community through expanded foot patrols and increased training to better equip officers to effectively police the area. Some concern was expressed about the policing styles of some officers assigned to the area. Residents were divided as to whether the overall quality of life in the community had improved, although their overall feelings of safety and security had increased. The effectiveness of the CET was compromised to some extent by insufficient coordination and joint planning with other agencies and organizations in the DTES, a lack of departmental resources, and by some inconsistency in the policing strategies used by officers in the DTES. The results of the study also indicated that the CET would have benefited from a comprehensive communication strategy to increase the awareness of community residents and business owners and others involved in the delivery of services in the area. A major limitation of this evaluation is that the survey interview data were gathered six months after the CET initiative was implemented and it can be expected that this short time frame is sufficient only to capture certain facets of any changes in community life in the DTES. It is difficult to determine the extent to which medium and long-term changes are occurring and whether these changes are permanent or ephemeral. It is also unrealistic to expect that the dynamics of life in a community, where crime and disorder had become deeply entrenched, would be significantly and measurably altered in six months as a consequence of one initiative such as the CET. It can be expected that the dynamics of life in the DTES will continue to evolve and that specific initiatives, such as the CET, will evolve as well. The special initiative did serve a number of purposes, one of which was for the VPD, as an organization, to accept and acknowledge its responsibility to challenge its own long-standing policy of “containment” and to move proactively to provide effective policing services to the DTES community and to attempt to improve the overall quality of life for all of its residents.

Details: Abbotsford, BC: University College of the Fraser Valley, 2004. 251p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 29, 2010 at: http://www.vancouveragreement.ca/wp-content/uploads/ConfidentPolicing2004sm.pdf

Year: 2004

Country: Canada

URL: http://www.vancouveragreement.ca/wp-content/uploads/ConfidentPolicing2004sm.pdf

Shelf Number: 120152

Keywords:
Displacement
Drug Dealers
Drug Enforcement
Open-Air Drug Markets
Police-Community Relations
Policing (Vancouver, Canada)
Public Disorder
Stolen Goods

Author: Europol

Title: Cargo Theft Report: Applying the Brakes to Road Cargo Crime in Europe

Summary: This report has been produced by a Europol working group, established to look at the issues related to cargo/freight crime on a European level. It consisted of police representatives from several EU Member States and also members of TAPA. This police/industry partnership acknowledged the need to work collaboratively in this area, share information and intelligence, in order to combat an area of crime of mutual concern. The aims and objectives of the report are as follows: To agree on a common definition of cargo crime and standard terminology; To promote awareness of the issues across EU Member States law enforcement agencies; To give an insight into current modi operandi (MOs); To give an insight into the different approaches adopted by MS; and To develop guidelines for both prevention and investigation for this type of crime.

Details: The Hague: EUROPOL, 2009. 34p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 23, 2010 at: http://www.europol.europa.eu/publications/Serious_Crime_Overviews/Cargo_Theft_Report.pdf

Year: 2009

Country: Europe

URL: http://www.europol.europa.eu/publications/Serious_Crime_Overviews/Cargo_Theft_Report.pdf

Shelf Number: 120629

Keywords:
Cargo Theft
Freight Industry
Stolen Goods
Stolen Property
Theft from Motor Vehicles

Author: Engel, A.W. van den

Title: Organised Theft of Commercial Vehicles and Their Loads in the European Union

Summary: Road freight transport is the dominating transport mode in freight transport in the European Union. With a market share of approximately 72.2% in the total land-based transport of goods, the significance of road freight transport for the economy of the EU is obvious. This dominance implies that each day, measured in terms of money, many billions of Euros are moved on the Trans European Road Network (TEN-R) which constitutes the backbone of the EU economy. This fact has not escaped the criminal mind and with the increase of transport volumes security concerns with regard to road freight transport have also increased. Union. With a market share of approximately 72.2% in the total land-based transport of goods, the significance of road freight transport for the economy of the EU is obvious. This dominance implies that each day, measured in terms of money, many billions of Euros are moved on the Trans European Road Network (TEN-R) which constitutes the backbone of the EU economy. In this study we see organised theft as all vehicle and/or freight theft of which ‘the circumstances of the crime suggest that the theft was well-planned and that the robbers knew exactly what the target goods of the theft were’. The report starts by discussing the remarks the ECMT made in 200212 in their report on crimes in road freight transport, cumulated in the presentation of the main objectives of this study. In chapter one, also grouping of countries is applied in order to be able to present results for all Member States without too much of duplication. Chapter two presents the statistical background bearing in mind that obtaining relevant data has not been easy. Regular crime rate statistics are virtually unavailable and sometimes they seem only to rely on anecdotal information. Data on, for instance, the type of organisation virtually does not exist. Notwithstanding these facts, an attempt has been made to estimate the total costs of organised theft of cargo and/or freight vehicle in the European Union. In chapter three, the current actions of the main stakeholder groups are mentioned. In the last chapter, the recommendations per main stakeholder group and per country group are presented in a condensed form. This means that the recommendations are defined in a clear and summarised way but without oversimplification of the actions and impact.

Details: Brussels: Policy Department Structural and Cohesion Policies, European Parliament, 2007. 108p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 11, 2011 at: http://www.setpos.eu/docs/organised%20theft%20of%20commercial%20vehicles%20and%20their%20loads%20in%20the%20EU%20july%202007%20EN.pdf

Year: 2007

Country: Europe

URL: http://www.setpos.eu/docs/organised%20theft%20of%20commercial%20vehicles%20and%20their%20loads%20in%20the%20EU%20july%202007%20EN.pdf

Shelf Number: 121711

Keywords:
Organized Theft
Stolen Goods
Theft from Vehicle
Vehicle Crime (Europe)

Author: International Road Transport Union

Title: Attacks on Drivers of International Heavy Goods Vehicles; Survey Results

Summary: Since the tragic events in the United States on 11th September 2001, it has been increasingly recognised that all transport modes are at risk from terrorism and crime. Those involved in road freight transport also face a number of specific challenges, which include theft of goods and vehicles, attacks on truck drivers, illegal immigration, special risks related to the movement of dangerous goods by road, as well as smuggling. In addition to these often crime-related challenges, authorities and operators must remain vigilant to possible terrorist use or targeting of vehicles and infrastructure. These challenges – and their responses – pose serious daily problems for all actors involved in this sector: the drivers, transport companies, police / law enforcement agencies, authorities, politicians, trade associations, unions, insurers, truckstop operators and other players. Road freight transport, a vital element of international production schemes, trade and economic relations across frontiers in Europe and elsewhere, faces this challenge of enhanced security requirements against the background of a highly competitive road freight market. The number of vehicle thefts and freight robbery incidents appear to be increasing in many countries. The need to protect drivers, their vehicles and the freight carried is now becoming an issue of increasing concern. It can however be noted with satisfaction that measures of protection and prevention have already proved efficient in a few countries. Indeed, much work has already been done to address many of the multiple threats faced by the European transport sector. One type of threat in particular, attacks on international HGV drivers, has consistently been cited as a significant problem. To date, however, information needed to better understand the nature and scale of the problem and its consequences on transport drivers, companies and the sector as a whole has been lacking and only anecdotal evidence of attacks on drivers has been available. The apparent reasons for this are varied: drivers frequently do not inform the police of the attacks for multiple reasons such as language difficulty and lack of trust in authorities and insufficient information about where and to whom the attacks should be reported. When they are reported, these incidents are very often not centrally recorded or properly responded to. Indeed in many countries a comprehensive policy and decision-making framework at local and national level is not yet in place to countervail spreading crime on the roads. The most effective measures to fight crime, such as for example, a wider use of protective devices on board vehicles, providing sufficient secure truck parking areas, setting up efficient and accessible incident reporting and recording structures, implementing intra-company preventive and protective security measures, raising awareness, improving training and so on, are, in most countries, not or hardly implemented.

Details: Geneva: IRU, 2008. 11p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 11, 2011 at: http://www.internationaltransportforum.org/IntOrg/ecmt/crime/pdf/08AttackSurvey.pdf

Year: 2008

Country: International

URL: http://www.internationaltransportforum.org/IntOrg/ecmt/crime/pdf/08AttackSurvey.pdf

Shelf Number: 121712

Keywords:
Assaults
Cargo Theft
Freight Industry
Stolen Goods
Stolen Property
Transport Security
Vehicle Theft
Workplace Crime

Author: Ozberk, Bahattin Can

Title: Mapping the Flow of Theft Endangered Goods in EU

Summary: Every country in world has opportunities for different type of productions and this leads compensation. According to this, International Trade has become very important in all countries worldwide for ages; it helps the developing of the country and contributes more convenient area for the citizens. It is because nations have to live with trading. In this manner, many agreements are signed to get efficient merchandising because international trade contains many risks like intervention, political, non-acceptance, credit, war and also uncontrollable events. European Union can be considered as an agreement since its fundamental principal is free movement of people and goods. Increasing of movement of these goods around the European Union is seen as “easy pickings” by crime groups and nowadays society is facing with this criminal behavior. That motivation causes many problems for supply chain and logistics. Transportation systems are being tried to adjust as more secured while opportunity to thefts attacks to goods are rising. The complexity of this problem is tried to be solved by good reporting of incidents, pointing out the hot spots or the hot products which are related to EU. It is obvious that there is lack of good reporting or coordinating. According to this thesis a lot of work can be done in order to get brief look for the theft endangered goods which are on road and dangerous zones for theft attacks at EU. This thesis will map out specific countries, cities and positions that are particularly exposed to theft attacks. (For example, Schiphol Airport is chosen as the hottest spot and its hottest products are electronic and music devices while many reports and statistical works are being observed.)

Details: Boras, Sweden: University of Boras, School of Engineering, 2010. 35p.

Source: Internet Resource: Master's Essay: Accessed May 11, 2011 at: http://bada.hb.se/bitstream/2320/6566/1/Can%20%C3%96zberk.pdf

Year: 2010

Country: Europe

URL: http://bada.hb.se/bitstream/2320/6566/1/Can%20%C3%96zberk.pdf

Shelf Number: 121591

Keywords:
Cargo Theft
Hot Products
Stolen Goods
Supply Chain

Author: Zannoni, Elio

Title: Jewellery Store Robbery: A Victim Risk and Intervention Perspective

Summary: This exploratory study investigated jewellery store robbery from a victim risk and intervention perspective. An explanation of the phenomenon was offered based on the information obtained from a review of the existing literature, case studies, personal observations at jewellery stores, discussions with jewellers, a scientific questionnaire submitted to jewellers, and semi-structured and structured interviews conducted with a group of knowledgeable respondents and victimized jewellers respectively. A predominantly quantitative research method was applied. The research findings obtained during the study enabled a proposal for a jewellery store robbery intervention model based on the situational crime prevention perpsective, which is inclusive of decisional, environmental, situational, procedural, personnel and business-oriented strategies.

Details: Pretoria, South Africa: University of South Africa, 2009. 259p.

Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed May 11, 2011 at: http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/1693/dissertation.pdf?sequence=1

Year: 2009

Country: South Africa

URL: http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/1693/dissertation.pdf?sequence=1

Shelf Number: 121717

Keywords:
Commercial Robbery
Jewellery Store Robbery
Situational Crime Prevention
Stolen Goods
Victimization
Victims of Crime

Author: Larence, Eileen R.

Title: Organized Retail Crime: Private Sector and Law Enforcement Collaborate to Deter and Investigate Theft

Summary: Each year organized groups of professional shoplifters steal or fraudulently obtain billions of dollars in merchandise to resell in an activity known as organized retail crime (ORC). These stolen goods can also be sold on online marketplaces, a practice known as “e-fencing.” GAO was asked to assess ORC and e-fencing. This report addresses: (1) types of efforts that select retailers, state and local law enforcement, and federal agencies are undertaking to combat ORC; (2) the extent to which tools or mechanisms exist to facilitate collaboration and information sharing among these ORC stakeholders; and (3) steps that select online marketplaces have taken to combat ORC and e-fencing, and additional actions, if any, retailers and law enforcement think may enhance these efforts. GAO reviewed retail-industry documentation, such as reports and surveys, and academic studies related to ORC and efforts to combat it. GAO also interviewed representatives from four major retail associations and five individual retailers, selected for their knowledge of and efforts to combat ORC, as well as eight local law enforcement officials involved in the development of ORC information sharing networks, and Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) officials. The results are not generalizable, but provided insights on activities related to ORC. GAO is not making any recommendations in this report.

Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Government Accountability Office, 2011. 49p.

Source: Washington, DC: GAO-11-675: Accessed June 29, 2011 at: http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d11675.pdf

Year: 2011

Country: United States

URL: http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d11675.pdf

Shelf Number: 121892

Keywords:
e-Fencing
Organized Crime
Organized Retail Theft (U.S.)
Shoplifting
Stolen Goods

Author: Fitzgerald, Jacqueline

Title: The Changing Nature of Objects Stolen in Household Burglaries

Summary: The Bureau examined the pattern of goods stolen between 2001 and 2010. During this period the number of recorded household burglaries in NSW fell by 50 per cent. The goods targeted by burglars also changed dramatically. In 2001 a video or DVD player was the third most popular item stolen in household burglaries, being taken in 19 per cent of incidents. In 2010, however, they were stolen in only six per cent of break-ins and had fallen to the 18th most stolen object. Stereo equipment, overwhelmingly CD players, were the sixth most common object type stolen in 2001, and were targeted in 13 per cent of burglaries. Ten years on they were the 33rd most stolen object taken in only three per cent of break-ins. Video cameras were the 17th most stolen object type in 2001, stolen in six per cent of break-ins. In 2010, video cameras had fallen to the 27th most stolen object taken in four per cent of break-ins. Power tools, such as drills, power saws and angle grinders, were the tenth most stolen object type in 2001 In 2010, a power tool was taken in one in 20 burglaries and they were the 19th most targeted item. More portable targets of theft have greatly increased in popularity. For example, while money was the most common object stolen in both 2001 and 2010, the percentage of incidents where cash was stolen has increased from 23 per cent of household burglaries to 31 per cent of break-ins. In 2001, a wallet/handbag/purse was reported stolen in 10 per cent of break-ins (the 11th ranked object type). By 2010 this had risen to 14 per cent (the 6th most stolen object type). In 2001, laptop computers were ranked 21st among stolen items and were stolen in just over one in twenty burglaries. In 2010, laptops were the second most stolen object type in household burglary incidents with a laptop being taken in one in four break-ins. According to the Bureau, the best ways to reduce the risk of burglary are better household security, property marking, restrictions on pedestrian access to residential property (e.g. restrictions on laneway access), and arresting repeat offenders.

Details: Sydney: New South Wales Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research

Source: Internet Resource: Bureau Brief, Issue Paper No. 62: Accessed July 7, 2011 at: http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/bocsar/ll_bocsar.nsf/vwFiles/BB62.pdf/$file/BB62.pdf

Year: 0

Country: Australia

URL: http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/bocsar/ll_bocsar.nsf/vwFiles/BB62.pdf/$file/BB62.pdf

Shelf Number: 121996

Keywords:
Break and Enter
Burglary (Australia)
Stolen Goods

Author: Engel, A.W. van den

Title: Organised Theft of Commercial Vehicles and their Loads in the European Union

Summary: This study analyses the problems, developments and implications of organised theft of commercial vehicles and their loads in the EU. It gives an overview of the volume, nature and yearly damage of this form of organised theft. Furthermore, it analyses how the problem is tackled in the Member States and on the EU level. The final chapter contains recommendations on how European and national policy should deal with organised theft in the road transport sector in the future.

Details: Brussels: European Parliament, Directorate-General for Internal Policies of the Union, Policy Department Structural and Cohension Policies, 2007. 89p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 11, 2011 at: http://www.setpos.eu/docs/organised%20theft%20of%20commercial%20vehicles%20and%20their%20loads%20in%20the%20EU%20july%202007%20EN.pdf

Year: 2007

Country: Europe

URL: http://www.setpos.eu/docs/organised%20theft%20of%20commercial%20vehicles%20and%20their%20loads%20in%20the%20EU%20july%202007%20EN.pdf

Shelf Number: 122017

Keywords:
Cargo Theft
Freight Industry
Stolen Goods
Stolen Property
Theft (Europe)
Transport Industry
Transport Theft
Transportation Security

Author: Retail Industry Leaders Association (RILA)

Title: Crime Trends and Leading Practices Survey

Summary: The Retail Industry Leaders Association’s (RILA) Crime Trends and Leading Practices Survey was launched in December 2008 in an effort to measure the correlation between criminal activity and the economic downturn among the nation’s leading retailers. RILA has continued to monitor crime trends, conducting follow-up surveys in May 2009, January 2010 and August 2010. In August 2010, the survey was expanded to solicit feedback from retailers regarding effective criminal risk mitigation tools as part of an industry-wide collaborative effort to combat retail crime. Survey participants were asked to report measured or perceived changes in crimes perpetrated against retailers over the past year and to share leading practices for minimizing business risks. Reflective of RILA’s membership, respondents represented all retail segments: building/garden equipment, clothing/accessories, food/beverage, furniture/electronics/appliances, general merchandise, motor vehicles/parts, Sporting goods/hobby /books/music and miscellaneous.

Details: Arlington, VA: Retail Industry Leaders Association, 2011. 19p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 18, 2011 at: http://www.rila.org/email/FINALPRESSRILACrimeTrendsLeadingPracticesSurveyFinalOctober2011.pdf

Year: 2011

Country: United States

URL: http://www.rila.org/email/FINALPRESSRILACrimeTrendsLeadingPracticesSurveyFinalOctober2011.pdf

Shelf Number: 123046

Keywords:
Crimes Against Businesses
Economics and Crime
Hot Products
Organized Retail Crime
Retail Crime
Shoplifting
Stolen Goods
Theft

Author: Szelp, Attila

Title: Cargo Security Initiatives in the EU and the USA, their Impact on Business Operations and Mutual Recognition with Focus on AEO and C-TPAT

Summary: The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 had a tremendous impact on international trade policy. The USA was the first country to introduce cargo security and facilitation measures as a counteraction. The EU and international organizations also established new security programs in order to better secure cargo movements across borders. This thesis gives an overview of security initiatives introduced by international organizations, the EU and the USA, with an emphasis on the trade facilitation programs Authorised Economic Operator (AEO) and Customs-Trade Partnership against Terrorism (C-TPAT) and a comparison of them. The process towards mutual recognition of these programs is then described. Three case studies put the topic under the microscope: The perception as well as actual benefits and disadvantages from economic actors' points of view are presented and implementation and operational processes in companies are demonstrated. The case studies include port authorities, carriers and logistics providers. Finally, the author reflects on his findings.

Details: Vienna: WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, Institut für Transportwirtschaft und Logistik, 2010. 132p.

Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed October 21, 2011 at: http://epub.wu.ac.at/3013/1/Szelp.pdf

Year: 2010

Country: International

URL: http://epub.wu.ac.at/3013/1/Szelp.pdf

Shelf Number: 123074

Keywords:
Cargo Security
Cargo Theft
Maritime Security
Stolen Goods
Stolen Property
Terrorism

Author: Carcach, Carlos

Title: An Economic Approach to Motor Vehicle Theft

Summary: Motor vehicle theft costs dearly to the Australian economy. Conservative estimates have put the annual cost of this form of illegal activity at 654 million during 1996. A number of initiatives aimed at reducing the incidence and cost of car theft have been implemented in recent years, yet statistics indicate that car theft is on the increase. Several authors have proposed an integrated approach to the regulation of markets for stolen property. Understanding property crime as a market is central to identifying approaches to its control. This paper discusses an industry model of crime and develops it on Australian data. Our model is an adaptation of one originally proposed by Vandeale (1978). It considers a production sector that uses inputs from a market of illegal labour to generate a supply of illegal goods that are traded in a product market. These sectors interact with each other and with a criminal justice sector. The model is applied to the analysis of car theft in Queensland.

Details: Berkeley, CA: Latin American and Caribbean Law and Economics Association (ALACDE) Annual Papers, Berkeley Program in Law and Economics, UC Berkeley, 2010. 23p.

Source: Internet Resource: Latin American and Caribbean Law and Economics Association (ALACDE) Annual Papers: Accessed October 29, 2011 at: http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/0r72d6sz

Year: 2010

Country: Australia

URL: http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/0r72d6sz

Shelf Number: 123178

Keywords:
Automobile Theft
Car Theft
Illegal Markets
Motor Vehicle Theft (Australia)
Stolen Goods

Author: Veiter, Daniela

Title: Cargo Security Initiatives in the United States, Canada and Mexico and their Effect on Trade in the NAFTA Region

Summary: Cross-border trade today is an essential driver of nations’ prosperity. A prolonged disruption in a supply chain has an enormous impact on a country’s as well as the global economy. The international transportation network and its long supply chains are very fragile and vulnerable to terrorist abuse or similar attacks. The high number of agents add another level of risk. The products, factories, supply chain facilities and supply chain partners, carriers, people and information could all present danger to the supply chain. Globalization turned the market place into a competitive environment where companies seek to hire the most affordable workers as well as choose the cheapest suppliers or service providers. This trend spreads business practices out all over the world and increases the need for transportation while adding complexity to a company’s value chain. The most effective way is a worldwide cooperation of countries on securing the global trade system without hindering the trade flow. A global partnership involving all agents along a supply chain with harmonised and compatible systems, both for customs work and for the exchange of information would be the perfect solution. And collaboration and coordinated work reduces the risk of disruptions and is more cost-effective too. Since the terror attacks of September 11, 2001 on New York and Washington DC, the international trade community has dedicated more time and money on the issue of security. The U.S. government, the Canadian government and the Mexican government have established a multi-layered defense strategy to protect their people and country. International cargo that is being shipped to certain target countries poses a significant security risk. In particular, cargo containers can be abused to carry weapons, in particular weapons of mass destruction (WMD) or other dangerous items. Those containers are particularly vulnerable to changes from their legitimate commercial purpose due to the numerous transfers within the transport chain they are subject to. Those very same internationally moving containers, though, are of utter importance to global commerce as they ship about 95% of the world’s international cargo, in terms of value. Over 48 million containers are being shipped between seaports around the world. Intermodal transport has enabled trucks and trains to move goods around continents in the ocean containers. Any terrorist actions can have largescale damage to a country’s society and economy and thus it is essential to have systems in place that can prevent such events from happening beforehand. The United States of America was the first country to start introducing plans to identify high risk cargo shipments and soon Canada and Mexico followed. The initiatives seek to ensure security over different levels. There are three main areas of risk that these security initiatives seek to address. First, the security of vital cargo information relating to the contents and destination of the shipment must be accessible by customs authorities. This also includes IT security. Then there is the level of physical control through inspections and screening. The last level covers the entire supply chain through screening and background checks of every agent involved in the process. This includes all groups between the manufacturer and the final destination of the product. This thesis talks about cargo security initiatives in the NAFTA countries of the United States, Canada and Mexico for any shipments crossing borders between those countries by either road, sea, air or rail. It shows the development and intensification of those security regulations over the last years, analyses their purpose and recommends how to best deal with them if you are a business located in this area.

Details: Vienna: Institut für Transportwirtschaft und Logistik, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2009. 133p.

Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: http://epub.wu.ac.at/822/1/document.pdf

Year: 2009

Country: International

URL: http://epub.wu.ac.at/822/1/document.pdf

Shelf Number: 123240

Keywords:
Cargo Security (U.S., Canada, Mexico)
Cargo Theft
Maritime Crime
Stolen Goods
Stolen Property
Supply Chains
Terrorism

Author: Brentz, Brooks

Title: Learning from Recent Threats to Cargo Security

Summary: On October 29, 2010, President Barack Obama confirmed that suspicious air cargo shipments destined for the United States contained explosive materials. Although these shipments were discovered in Dubai and England, the United States federal government grounded planes at Newark and Philadelphia airports to inspect packages based on fears of a terrorist threat originating from Yemen. Intervention prompted by intelligence sharing among governments of the countries involved prevented catastrophic outcomes. As with other near misses, governments are responding by reexamining cargo transport regulations and security practices. Accenture believes that it is time for manufacturer-shippers to do the same to protect against major disruptions to their global supply chains. However, given the vast volume of goods moving around the world and the multiple modes of transportation involved, practical approaches are needed to address the risks.

Details: Boston(?): Accenture, 2011. 8p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 10, 2012 at: http://www.accenture.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/PDF/Accenture_Learning_From_Recent_Threats.pdf

Year: 2011

Country: International

URL: http://www.accenture.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/PDF/Accenture_Learning_From_Recent_Threats.pdf

Shelf Number: 124039

Keywords:
Cargo Security
Cargo Theft
Risk Assessment
Stolen Goods
Supply Chains
Theft of Property

Author: Finklea, Kristin

Title: Organized Retail Crime

Summary: Organized retail crime (ORC) involves the large-scale theft of everyday consumer items and potentially has much broader implications. Organized groups of professional shoplifters, or “boosters,” steal or fraudulently obtain merchandise that is then sold, or “fenced,” to individuals and retailers through a variety of venues. In an increasingly globalized society, more and more transactions take place online rather than face-to-face. As such, in addition to relying on physical resale markets, organized retail thieves have turned to online marketplaces as means to fence their ill-gotten goods. ORC exposes the United States to costs and harms in the economic, public health, and domestic security arenas. The exact loss from ORC to the retail industry is unknown, but estimates have ranged from $15 billion to $37 billion annually. The economic impact, however, extends beyond the manufacturing and retail industry and includes costs incurred by consumers and taxes lost by the states. The theft and resale of stolen consumable or health and beauty products such as infant formula (that may have been repackaged, relabeled, and subjected to altered expiration dates) poses potential safety concerns for individuals purchasing such goods from ORC fences. In addition, some industry experts and policy makers have expressed concern about the possibility that proceeds from ORC may be used to fund terrorist activities. Current efforts to combat ORC largely come from retailers, online marketplaces, and law enforcement alike. Retailers responding to the 2010 National Retail Security Survey spent an average of 0.46% of their annual sales on loss prevention measures. These loss prevention costs are ultimately borne by consumers in the form of higher prices on goods. Also, online marketplaces report taking various measures to combat the sale of stolen and fraudulently obtained goods on their websites, including educating sellers and consumers, monitoring suspicious activity, and partnering with retailers and law enforcement. Combating retail theft has traditionally been handled by state law enforcement under state criminal laws. Some, however, have begun to question whether state laws—which vary in the quantity of monetary losses that constitute major theft—are adequate to combat ORC. While many agree that ORC is a national problem, there is debate over the federal government’s role in deterring ORC and sanctioning various actors that may be involved in committing or aiding these crimes. One policy issue facing Congress is whether criminalizing organized retail crime in the U.S. Code would allow for more effective investigation and prosecution of these criminals. Congress may also wish to consider whether regulating resale marketplaces (online markets, in particular), to require such entities to increase information sharing with retailers and law enforcement, would strengthen investigations and prosecutions of ORC as well as decrease the prevalence of retail thieves relying on legitimate online marketplaces to fence stolen goods.

Details: Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 2012. 26p.

Source: Internet Resource: CRS Report R41118: Accessed January 29, 2013 at: http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41118.pdf

Year: 2012

Country: United States

URL: http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41118.pdf

Shelf Number: 127431

Keywords:
Crimes Against Businesses
Fencing Stolen Goods
Hot Products
Organized Crime (U.S.)
Organized Retail Crime
Retail Theft
Shoplifting
Stolen Goods

Author: Gounev, Philip Martinov

Title: Backdoor Traders: Illicit entrepreneurs and legitimate markets

Summary: This dissertation examines the factors that determine the behaviour of criminal entrepreneurs in legitimate markets. The particular aspect studied is how such entrepreneurs enter a new market when they immigrate into a new country (Chapter 1). The empirical focus of the thesis is the Bulgarian illegal entrepreneurs involved in the sale of stolen cars. More specifically, the dissertation compares their market behaviour in Bulgaria and in Spain between the late 1990s and 2010. The empirical basis for the dissertation is a comprehensive analysis of summaries of 86 Spanish police investigations against organised crime networks, as well as fieldwork consisting of interviews with 79 offenders, law-enforcement officers, entrepreneurs, and car-dealers in Spain and Bulgaria (Chapter 2). To best understand the intertwining of criminal entrepreneurs and legitimate markets the thesis starts by examining the operations of the car markets in Spain and Bulgaria (Chapter 3). It goes on to explain the ‘car-theft industry’ – focusing on how criminal enterprises and networks are structured and operate (Chapter 4). The analysis then continues by comparing how stolen cars are sold by illegal entrepreneurs in Bulgaria and Spain, and the different ways in which ‘legal’ and ‘illegal’ markets intertwine (Chapter 5). The conclusion of this analysis is that Bulgarian criminal entrepreneurs failed to enter the market for used cars in Spain, and instead preferred to traffic and sell the stolen cars in Bulgaria. There are two sets of factors that explain the reasons behind this failure. The first one is the local socio-economic and historical legacies in Bulgaria, which explain how illegal entrepreneurs and buyers (typically part of local economic elites) are linked (Chapter 6), and the factors that fuel demand for stolen cars. The role of the Bulgarian immigrant community in Spain is also considered. The second set of factors, examined through the lenses of economic theories, includes the economic / business rationale that influences the illegal entrepreneurs’ behaviour when entering a market (Chapter 7). The thesis goes on to conclude (Chapter 8) that it is the first set, the complex socio-economic and historical factors that best explain the behaviour of criminal entrepreneurs and their failure to sell stolen cars in Spain.

Details: London: The London School of Economics and Political Science, 2011. 307p.

Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed July 7, 2013 at: http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/168/1/Gounev_Backdoor_traders.pdf

Year: 2011

Country: Bulgaria

URL: http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/168/1/Gounev_Backdoor_traders.pdf

Shelf Number: 129261

Keywords:
Car Theft
Illegal Markets
Illegal Trade (Bulgaria)
Motor Vehicle Theft
Organized Crime
Stolen Goods
Stolen Vehicles

Author: Stakeholder Democracy Network

Title: Communities not Criminals: Illegal Oil Refining in the Niger Delta

Summary: An estimated 150,000 barrels of crude oil are stolen every day in Nigeria. The vast majority of this is sold internationally, but approximately 25% stays in the Niger Delta for refining and consumption. Illegal oil refining in the region comes with steep economic and social costs. Unless the problem is better understood and key drivers of the illegal economy are analyzed, the trade could come to undermine the stability of Nigeria's legal oil sector. Only five years ago, billions of dollars in oil revenue were effectively locked in because of instability and crime in the Niger Delta. The United Nations Environmental Program (UNDP) Environment Assessment of Ogoniland highlighted that in addition to poor pipeline maintenance by international oil companies, illegal oil refining in the Niger Delta is a major cause of environmental degradation. Whole communities have lost their traditional livelihoods as fisherman and farmers, as the effects of illegal refining, compounded by equipment failure, pollutes their water and land. The refining process may also pose serious health risks. The dangers notwithstanding, organized theft of crude oil and the illegal refining business it feeds also support the families, small businesses and social aspirations of many Niger Delta communities. Interviewees for this report described illegal oil refining as an entrepreneurial, free market response to local economic dysfunction, socioeconomic pressures, the Niger Delta's chronic fuel shortages and government's failure to deliver basic public services. The oil companies operating in the delta and the media regularly draw attention to this illicit industry, noting for instance that some illegal oil refining camps brazenly operate in broad daylight. In response, the military Joint Task Force (JTF), charged with patrolling on-shore oil fields, each year destroys thousands of illegal refineries. However, the set up costs are so low and returns so high that within weeks illegal refiners start up new camps. Some claim the problem is worsening, with suspicions that as the 2014/15 election gets closer, oil theft and the associated environmental damage it causes will get even worse. Evidence also suggests that rogue actors within the JTF actively participate in and profit from theft and illegal refining. This is the first ever study that explores how illegal oil refining in the Niger Delta operates and what is driving its rapid growth. The underlying research attempted to gain an in-depth quantitative and qualitative understanding of how the business works, and to analyze the political, economic and societal drivers, networks and impacts and nature of local oil refining. The findings of this report are based on 12 weeks of field research, undertaken over four months in early 2013. A team of researchers visited nine illegal refining operations across Rivers, Bayelsa and Delta states. This was supplemented with 120 key informant interviews with oil companies, government representatives and members of civil society. To ensure the safety of those interviewed, identifies have been protected and this report does not ascribe any quotes to individuals. This is in keeping with SDN's operational research process which seeks to identify trends and solutions, without risks to those involved in the research process either as researchers or interviewees.

Details: London: SDN, 2013. 44p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 3, 2014 at: http://www.stakeholderdemocracy.org/uploads/SDN%20Publications/CommunitiesNotCriminals.pdf

Year: 2013

Country: Nigeria

URL: http://www.stakeholderdemocracy.org/uploads/SDN%20Publications/CommunitiesNotCriminals.pdf

Shelf Number: 133938

Keywords:
Illegal Markets
Illegal Oil Refining
Illicit Goods
Offenses Against the Environment
Oil Theft (Nigeria)
Organized Crime
Stolen Goods

Author: Shaw, Oliver

Title: Crime and the value of stolen goods

Summary: - This paper uses the Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW) to investigate the value of stolen goods and its relationship to crime trends. The analysis aims to determine: - the types of stolen goods and their value, and how these have changed over time; - whether these changes have played a role in the crime drop since the mid-1990s; - the extent to which the value of goods affects what types of crimes are committed and which items stolen within these crime types; - whether there is a link between the value of stolen goods and the rate at which crime is reported to the police, i.e. are demands on the police and the wider criminal justice system affected by changes to the value of stolen goods? - The total value of all stolen goods, as reported by victims, was estimated to be $1.8bn in 2013/14. This has fallen from $6.9bn in 1995, a 74 per cent drop. There are two components to this. The number of thefts with loss has fallen by about 60 per cent. But this report shows that the average value of stolen goods from a single theft has also fallen, by about 35 per cent. In other words, the overall economic harm to victims from theft has probably declined by an even greater amount than the number of thefts. - Although there are a number of crime types not fully covered by the CSEW, notably fraud, analysis here suggests that changes in the levels of plastic card fraud have not substantially offset the reduction in overall economic harm to victims. - Theft of vehicles has been the biggest contributor to the fall in value of stolen goods between 1995 and 2013/14. This is due to both the large reduction in numbers of thefts (theft of vehicles is down by 88% since 1995) and a small fall in the mean value of the vehicles stolen. - The distribution of criminal gains from theft is heavily skewed. In 2013/14, just 2 per cent of all thefts accounted for 46 per cent of the total value of goods stolen. This means that the mean value of goods stolen per theft is markedly higher than the median value, and that the latter better represents the typical criminal gain from any one incident of theft (bold highlighted in Table 5). - There has been a high degree of stability in the types of items that are stolen. Cash is most frequently stolen with vehicle parts/accessories, the second most stolen item for every year in which the CSEW has run from 1981 to 2013/14. Of the items stolen that would feasibly be resold by a thief, just nine types of goods - vehicle parts/accessories, cars/vans, bicycles, stereo/hi-fi equipment, clothes, jewellery, tools, garden furniture and mobile phones - account for the top six most stolen items in every year. Value is clearly a factor in determining which goods are most stolen, but it is not the only factor.

Details: London: Home Office, 2015. 56p.

Source: Internet Resource: Research Report 81: Accessed October 15, 2015 at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/468003/horr81.pdf

Year: 2015

Country: United Kingdom

URL: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/468003/horr81.pdf

Shelf Number: 136989

Keywords:
Crime Trends
Economics of Crime
Stolen Goods
Stolen Property
Theft

Author: Spence, Caroline

Title: Smuggling in early Modern France

Summary: This dissertation will examine the crime of smuggling in early modern France from circa 1500 to 1789. Smuggling was extremely common in early modern Europe, but in France it was particularly widespread and often violent. Goods of every kind were smuggled in and out of the country, and especially within the provinces of the kingdom. However, little has been written in English on smuggling in early modern France. As a result, a considerable amount of the secondary sources read are in French. These sources tend to focus on one commodity or one area, yet this dissertation is a much broader examination of the topic, encompassing the entire country and several different commodities. The dissertation also required a visit to the Musee National des Douanes in Bordeaux, which has an archive containing documents relating to the national customs administration. Many of these documents were essential for my topic and period of study and have been included here. The primary argument of this dissertation is that smuggling occurred as a result of the indirect taxes that the crown levied on different commodities. The administration of the indirect taxation will be examined in chapter one. The second, third, and fourth chapters will discuss the smuggling of salt, wine, and tobacco respectively. Each chapter will begin by discussing how the taxes on these commodities caused them to be smuggled. Subsequently, the nature and methods of smuggling these goods will be examined. Chapter five will investigate who the early modern French smuggler actually was. The treatment of the tax collectors will be discussed, as well as the question of the increasing professionalisation of smuggling. The involvement of ecclesiasts, soldiers, nobles, tax collectors, women and children will be discussed. The dissertation will conclude that the fundamental cause of smuggling was the harsh fiscal regime and especially the irregular way in which taxes were levied throughout the kingdom.

Details: Coventry, UK: University of Warwick, 2010. 108p.

Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed February 17, 2016 at: http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/emforum/projects/disstheses/dissertations/spence-caroline.pdf

Year: 2010

Country: France

URL: http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/emforum/projects/disstheses/dissertations/spence-caroline.pdf

Shelf Number: 137857

Keywords:
Smuggling
Stolen Goods
Tax Evasion

Author: Gestel, B. van

Title: Crossing borders on the trail of thieves: Research on facilitating itinerant crime groups based on fifteen criminal investigation studies in the Netherlands

Summary: In recent years, the Minister of Security and Justice has repeatedly expressed his concerns about the broad range of offences against property committed by itinerant crime groups and the resulting damage suffered by citizens and businesses. Dutch policy emphatically focuses on preventing mobile banditry, in addition to intensifying investigation efforts. Collecting information about the different ‘steps’ in the criminal operation of an itinerant crime group will help clarify how such groups are facilitated and which legal actors and opportunities they exploit. The government can consequently use this knowledge to stop or disrupt criminal operations. The Minister of Security and Justice requested that research be carried out by the Dutch Research and Documentation Centre [WODC] for the purpose of fighting itinerant crime groups. The Research and Documentation Centre study primarily focuses on facilitating itinerant crime groups and has been carried out in two parts. The first part consists of a research synthesis and was carried out in 2014. The synthesis contains findings from current scientific studies on the facilitation of itinerant crime groups. The findings of this research synthesis can be summarised briefly in terms of the three dimensions that offer itinerant crime groups the opportunity to operate. These are legal occupational groups, social ties and convergence settings. These dimensions provide insight into the actors and the circumstances that play a facilitating role in the (continued) existence of itinerant crime groups. They are shown to be dynamic, recurrent dimensions that may play a facilitating role for itinerant crime groups in various phases of the criminal operation. This report contains the findings of the empirical follow-up research. The aim of this study is to collect current information on facilitating itinerant crime groups, specifically with regard to the situation in the Netherlands. In this study , the following questions are key:  How are itinerant crime groups composed and what crimes do they focus on?  How are itinerant crime groups facilitated? Which actors and circumstances can be identified?  How is information exchanged with investigation partners in other regions and other countries during and after a criminal investigation?

Details: The Hague: WODC (Research and Documentation Centre, Minister of Security and Justice), 2016. 7p.

Source: Internet Resource: Cahiers 2016-08: Accessed February 4, 2017 at: https://english.wodc.nl/binaries/Cahier%202016-8_Summary_nw_tcm29-228345.pdf

Year: 2016

Country: Netherlands

URL: https://english.wodc.nl/binaries/Cahier%202016-8_Summary_nw_tcm29-228345.pdf

Shelf Number: 145883

Keywords:
Gangs
Handling stolen goods
Offender mobility
Organized crime
Stolen goods
Theft

Author: Holdaway, Simon

Title: Prolific Shoplifters in Nottinghamshire

Summary: - Data about sixty-three prolific shoplifters offending in Nottinghamshire between July 2012-July 2013 have been analysed. The extent of their crime requires special consideration and a prevention strategy related to along with measures to address other types of shoplifters and their offences. - The research literature about shoplifting is meagre. None of it deals with persistent shoplifters. One important study, however, reminds us that the effectiveness of security personnel seems to be limited. Crime prevention measures, including the use of drug and alcohol rehabilitation programmes, are probably of more importance. - 52 (82.5%) of the prolific offenders were male. 11 (17.5%) were female. - 40 (63%) of the offenders were between 28 and 46 years of age. This is the typical age-range for all offenders. - Almost all offenders were white Europeans (56 of 63). 5 of the 56 were from Eastern Europe. 7 were recorded as Black - About 80% (50) of them were unemployed during the research period. Just 3 of the 63 offenders (4.8%) were employed. - Most offenders (39) lived in The City Central, North and South areas and it seems they moved to and from premises frequently. One offender lived outside Nottinghamshire. - Before the research year, 89% (56 of 63) of the offenders committed individually between 26 and 50 shoplifting offences. 10 committed individually between 11 and 25 offences and 13 committed individually over 51 offences. - Between July 2012-July 2013, 7 offenders each committed over 10 shoplifting offences, 6 each committed just fewer than 10. 9 offenders each committed 8 offences. The 41 other offenders continued to commit theft from shops during this period. - During the research period, the 63 offenders stole 1510 items whilst committing 541 separate offences of shoplifting - The most frequently stolen goods were food and alcohol, followed by personal hygiene products, clothing and chocolate. The point is somewhat speculative but it seems the goods were for personal use as well as for sale in illegal markets, the size of which may well have expanded during recent years. - The gross value of 40% of goods stolen was over $50. However, this is not an indication of the cost of dealing with the prolific offenders. The costs of deploying shop, police officer, administrative staff and many other factors have to be calculated. - 50 of the 63 offenders have been supervised within a programme of integrated offender management. This included tagging, other management tactics and work with drug and alcohol rehabilitation agencies. - Officers have assessed a very significant majority of the group, 60, as misusing drugs and alcohol. Their offences sustain their drug and, or alcohol dependency. - Drugs and alcohol rehabilitation programmes are clearly within a broad definition of policing and crime prevention. The majority of the prolific offenders had been assessed by police officers as having drug and, or alcohol problems. During the research year, however, just 16 drug and 2 alcohol rehabilitation orders were aspects of 541 sentences delivered by courts. - An officer working in Nottinghamshire Police Integrated Offender Management team developed an innovative project (Operation Dormouse) to address the problem of prolific shoplifting in the city area. The co-location of police and alcohol, drugs and other personnel was central to this work. Extensive data were shared between all agencies involved. The commitment of retail managers and their security staff was vital. Local policing teams were also engaged. A close partnership between the police and staff from other agencies was therefore central to the work undertaken. - 37% (167) of the 232 cases for which sentencing data were available involved imprisonment, with an average sentence of 55 days. 28 days was the median length of sentence, the middle number of all sentence lengths. Many sentences were far shorter than 28 days. - 97% of the 232 offenders for which sentencing records were available were arrested for 7 or 8 further offences from 2 to 5 months and onwards after their first arrest during the research year. - A long term strategy to address shoplifting in Nottinghamshire, including offences by prolific offenders, is required. It should be developed on the basis of documented outcomes from Operation Dormouse and further systematic analysis of all relevant data. The approach to prolific offenders taken so far has led to reductions in offending but the extent to which such intense, closely coordinated work can be sustained, not least within the context of budget reductions, is a moot question for consideration. - Whatever the approach taken retail firms can be expected to play a greater role in the introduction of security measures to prevent shoplifting. Householders routinely purchase equipment to protect their property. This should also apply to measures such as tagging for retail firms.

Details: Unpublished report, 2014. 20p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 25, 2017 at: library.college.police.uk

Year: 2014

Country: United Kingdom

URL: library.college.police.uk

Shelf Number: 145795

Keywords:
Property Theft
Retail Theft
Shoplifters
Shoplifting
Stolen Goods

Author: Musoi, Kyalo

Title: A Study of Crime in Urban Slums in Kenya: The Case of Kibra, Bondeni, Manyatta and Mishomoroni Slums

Summary: Crime continues to be a major scar on the peace and security landscape in Kenya. Whereas crime cuts across the country geographically, it is more prevalent, severe and acute in peri-urban informal settlement areas that are popularly known as slums. Security Research and Information Centre (SRIC), with support from the Government of Kenya (through the National Steering Committee on Peace Building and Conflict Management and the Kenya National Focal Point on Small Arms and Light Weapons) and UNDP Kenya has been conducting crime surveys - in its strategic role as a crime observatory - since 2011 in the greater Nairobi region and other select parts of the country. These crime surveys have consistently established that crime is a major peace and security concern in the major urban areas in the country particularly in the slums. It is against this backdrop that SRIC undertook a study on crime in four select slums in the four major cities in the country namely, Kibra (Nairobi), Mishomoroni (Mombasa), Manyatta (Kisumu) and Bondeni (Nakuru). For the purpose of this study, crime is understood to mean acts or prohibitions which are against the law (both written and unwritten for the case of societal norms). The main objective of the study was to contribute to better understanding of the nature, trends and dynamics of crimes in the four select major urban slums in Kenya and to formulate actionable policy recommendations. The study also sought to identify and analyse crime hot spots, criminal organized groups and impact of crime in the select slum areas. The findings of the study can thus be extrapolated to present a general crime status in the slum areas in the country as a whole. Various methods of data collection and analysis were used. Secondary data was mainly derived from previous studies and reports on crime and crime observatories including print media. Primary data was collected through questionnaires, interviews and observations. A total of 654 questionnaires were administered to members of the public in the study areas taking into consideration age and gender sensitivities. In addition, 48 key informant interviews were conducted. The researchers also spend considerable time during the study period in the study areas observing crime trends and patterns. The study used both quantitative and qualitative methods of data analysis. The quantitative data was organized, cleaned, coded and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) to help generate summaries in terms of tables and graphs for easy analysis and interpretation. Qualitative data was analyzed qualitatively through interpretation of the responses by respondents and also analysis of secondary data on the subject matter. The study found that theft (35.37%), was the main type of crime across the four sampled slum areas. In addition, robbery (15.55%), burglary/break-ins (10.67%) and mugging (23.17%) were the other main typologies of crime in slum areas, accounting for combined 84.76% of crimes committed in slum areas in Kenya. The study also established that an overwhelming majority, 98.8% of the respondents, had witnessed crime being committed in the last three months of the study period. This can be inferred to mean that almost everyone in the four slums had either been affected (may be within the family) or personally experienced some form of crime. Asked to state causes of crime in slum areas in urban centres, 61.2% of the respondents cited youth unemployment as the main cause of crime. Poverty (11.3%) and illicit brews/drug abuse (9.5%) were cited as the other causes of crime in slum areas. Based on these statistics, it can be inferred that rampant poverty and depressed income levels seem to be the primary drivers of localized crimes in major urban slums in Kenya. Contrary to assertions by many researchers and reports that Kibra is the most unsafe area to live in, public perceptions on safety in this study demonstrate that comparatively, Bondeni slum in Nakuru town was the most unsafe place to live in (60.98%) followed by Mishomoroni in Mombasa (44.44%). Kibra was third with 40% and lastly Manyatta slum in Kisumu where only 36.9% of respondents felt the slum was unsafe to live in. Moreover, it was only in Manyatta slums that respondents felt very safe (7.14%), making it to be, in relative terms, the safest of the four slums. In terms of reporting crime to the authorities the study established that 53.21% of the respondents had reported crime to the police while 46.79% of the respondents did not report crime to the police at all. 42.2% of the respondents indicated that they had no confidence in administration of justice by the Police Service and that's why they would rather let the matter (crime) "die" than seek intervention from the police. 14.7% of the respondents indicated that they were afraid of the perpetrators, 18.7% indicated that sometimes they would not report any crime incident perpetrated or involving any member of the family/ friends, 9.2% indicated that some criminal cases were not serious enough to warrant the attention of the police, 7.3% posited that the police were not friendly and were thus afraid of approaching them while others indicated reporting was inconsequential since the police were incapable of recovering lost properties in cases of property related crimes. In addition and despite the efforts expended by the government, NGOs and the communities themselves to prevent and reduce crime in urban slum areas in the country, a majority of respondents (81%) felt that crime incidences remained high. Only 17% of the total respondents indicated that crime levels had reduced. The study also identified 21 organized criminal groups and or gangs operating in the slum areas. Kibra had 6, Mishomoroni in Mombasa 8, Bondeni of Nakuru 8 whereas Manyatta respondents in Kisumu identified 4 such groups. Extortions, levying of protection fees, muggings, heckling/disrupting political rallies and events, trafficking drugs and kidnappings are some of the common crimes committed by these identified criminal groups/gangs. It is also important to note that in Mishomoroni, Mombasa Republican Council (MRC) was not identified as a criminal organization or group. Maybe the respondents feared mentioning it or perceived it as a legitimate organization pursuing interests of the coastal people. In addition, the study identified 44 crime hotspots and times of the day the crime is likely to take place or committed. Kibra, had the highest number of hotspots at 17. This was followed by Mishomoroni (11), Manyatta (9) and Bondeni (7) in that order. It is interesting to note that based on public perceptions, Bondeni - with only 7 identified crime hotspots - was found to be the most unsafe slum amongst the four sampled slum areas. To ameliorate the dire crime situation in slum areas in the country, the study makes key policy recommendations to the National Police Service, National Government, County Governments and the members of the public. To the Police Service, the police reforms should be hastened so that corruption is reduced and accountability enhanced. In addition, the police should intensify patrols within the settlements, strengthen witness/informers protection services/ unit and equip the police officers with the necessary tools to enable them perform their work effectively. The National Government should address youth unemployment by increasing the uptake of grants such as Uwezo Fund and also ensure proper mechanisms are put in place, including subsidizing the prices of basic commodities, in order to lower the cost of living. On the other hand, the County Governments should improve infrastructure in slum areas such as erecting lighting masts and improving access roads. The public has a role to play in making slum areas safer places to live in. They should step up collaboration with police officers in detecting and reporting crime as well as avoid buying or trading in stolen properties. Buying stolen goods encourages the criminals to continue stealing.

Details: Nairobi: Security Research & Information Centre, 2014. 72p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 5, 2017 at: http://www.srickenya.org/images/publications/slum%20Crime%20Survey%20Report.%20Thur.pdf

Year: 2014

Country: Kenya

URL: http://www.srickenya.org/images/publications/slum%20Crime%20Survey%20Report.%20Thur.pdf

Shelf Number: 145909

Keywords:
Crime Statistics
Poverty
Slums
Socioeconomic Conditions and Crime
Stolen Goods
Theft
Urban Areas and Crime

Author: New Jersey. Commission of Investigation

Title: Corrupt Commerce: Heroin, Thievery and the Underground Trade in Stolen Goods

Summary: In two years, he burned through an $800,000 inheritance, lost his home and allowed his family business to die. Desperate and broke, he found a lucrative new way to fund the heroin addiction that consumed his fortune and his life: stolen metal. He tore wire and copper pipe from buildings. He heaved manhole covers from the streets, ripped storm drains from parking lots, pulled heavy metal pins from construction barriers. Then, in an old sedan weighed down nearly to the pavement, he routinely took his haul to a booming scrap yard linked to organized crime in Hillsborough, Somerset County. There, the owner and employees readily bought the stolen metal for cash, no questions asked, not a word to the police. A hundred miles to the south, a young woman hit upon her own way to remedy the dopesickness that dictated her daily rhythms. She led a crew that shoplifted more than $100,000 in goods from major retail chains, then returned the items for gifts cards in the amount of the stolen merchandise. She sold those cards for 50 cents on the dollar to willing businesses across South Jersey. Again, no questions asked, no alert about suspicious behavior. The State Commission of Investigation has found that these circumstances are emblematic of a corrupt and enduring commerce in New Jersey's lightly regulated and often lawless world of scrap yards, pawn shops, cash-for-gold outlets and secondhand goods operations. Driven largely by the heroin and opioid epidemic, this shadowy underground economy is being exploited for profit across the state by convicted felons and elements of organized crime. In business after business, Commission investigators identified owners and employees with extensive criminal histories, including convictions for fraud, burglary, receiving stolen property, assault, firearms violations, narcotics distribution and racketeering. The SCI found evidence of drug-dealing directly from the counter at one shop, the illegal sale of handguns at another and links to a mob-related loansharking scheme at a third. At those locations and others, investigators found that owners and employees regularly accepted stolen goods, from jewelry to power tools, and in some cases directed customers to steal in-demand items likely to maximize profits upon resale. Collectively, the Commission estimates, the businesses have bought and sold tens of millions of dollars in stolen goods in recent years. This thriving marketplace, operating with little oversight or accountability, incentivizes theft and promotes destructive acts against both public and private infrastructure, putting residents in jeopardy. The widespread plundering of copper wiring and heavy-duty backup batteries from cell phone towers undermines cellular service during power outages. The theft of wire that transmits signals along train tracks delays commuters, requires costly repairs and strains an already overtaxed transit system. The removal of electricity-conducting wire from utility substations compromises the power grid. Little is off limits. Scrap hunters have ripped the risers from bleachers at schools, made off with aluminum street lamps from highways and stolen bronze vases from graves. The enormous costs of the illicit bargain between thieves and unscrupulous owners are borne by all New Jerseyans: the ratepayers who see higher bills for cell service and electricity; the consumers who pay more for goods at retail stores; the taxpayers ultimately responsible for replacing infrastructure that has vanished in the night. By providing an easy route for drug addicts and opportunists to cash in on stolen metal and merchandise, these enterprises have helped spawn an endless cycle of theft, one that law enforcement cannot keep pace with, much less end, without a muscular response from the State. The Commission carried out this investigation in keeping with its 50-year-old statutory mandate to identify and expose corruption, to highlight government laxity and gaps in oversight, to determine the effectiveness of New Jersey's laws and to inform the Governor, the Legislature, the Attorney General and the public about the influence and intrusion of organized crime. In particular, the findings set forth in this report build upon groundbreaking investigative work dating back nearly a decade when the SCI became one of the first agencies of government to identify the burgeoning opioid and heroin epidemic. Over the course of this inquiry, SCI investigators issued scores of subpoenas, analyzed banking records and conducted more than 100 interviews with law enforcement officers, metal recyclers, state and municipal officials, representatives of the telecommunications and retail industries, and the owners and employees of outfits engaged in suspect or illegal behavior. Just as significantly, the SCI interviewed those with the clearest view of interactions with these businesses: the addicts and former addicts who carried out thefts for drug money. SCI agents also conducted surveillance at suspect establishments and, in cooperation with police departments and confidential sources, participated in sting operations at scrap yards and secondhand goods stores. In those cases, items purchased by the Commission or lawfully obtained from utilities, phone companies and retail stores were sold to owners or employees with the fictive understanding the items had been stolen. The inquiry found that state and municipal regulations governing these businesses are scattershot, inadequate and unevenly enforced. The State licenses traditional pawn shops, which provide collateral-based loans, while municipalities license cash-for-gold shops, secondhand goods stores and scrap yards. Ordinances vary widely in strength and effectiveness from municipality to municipality. Laws governing some aspects of the businesses have proven to be window dressing, too minimal in scope and so erratically enforced they have failed to deter the prodigious flow of stolen goods. Equally troubling, SCI investigators found that many owners regularly flout the few rules that apply to them with little or no consequence. In some towns, the Commission found, law enforcement officials were unaware their governing bodies had passed ordinances giving police the means to crack down on the businesses - a breakdown in communication and coordination that has sapped accountability. The Commission is mindful that pawn outlets, secondhand goods stores and scrap metal recyclers contribute to the tax base in their communities and provide services helpful to the public. Local scrap yards are building blocks in the international commerce of recycled metal. In addition, not all owners and employees operate flagrantly outside the bounds of decency and the law. But in the absence of meaningful oversight, far too many of these operations have been subverted by criminal activity. The Commission recommends the State take the lead in licensing and regulating these industries. As the Legislature in recent decades has moved to root out organized crime from New Jersey's trash-hauling companies and casinos, so, too, should the State ban mob associates and those with extensive criminal records from trades that remain obvious and attractive pathways for the disposal of stolen property. Further, the Commission recommends requiring owners and employees to record all transactions in an online database accessible by law enforcement. Two such databases are already in use in neighboring states and in a minority of New Jersey municipalities, allowing investigators to more efficiently track sales, identify trends, find stolen merchandise and hold dishonest owners and employees accountable.

Details: Trenton: The Commission, 2018. 108p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 21, 2018 at: https://www.nj.gov/sci/pdf/Stolen%20Goods%20Report%20Final.pdf

Year: 2018

Country: United States

URL: https://www.nj.gov/sci/pdf/Stolen%20Goods%20Report%20Final.pdf

Shelf Number: 150626

Keywords:
Illegal Trade
Metal Theft
Narcotics
Opioid Crisis
Organized Crime
Scrap Metal Theft
Stolen Goods
Stolen Property
Trafficking in Narcotics
Underground Economy

Author: Ekwall, Daniel

Title: Value and incident categories for cargo theft in Europe: Analysing TAPA EMEA statistics

Summary: Purpose of this paper To analysis the relationship between value (reported stolen value) and different incident categories in order to find patterns and trends in cargo theft within Europe. Design/methodology/approach The research is explorative as this type of research is missing in logistics but also deductive as it utilizes theories from criminology. The analysis is based on TAPA EMEA's IIS transport related crime database. The result is analyzed and discussed within a frame of reference consisting of theories from logistics and criminology. Findings There are seasonal variations of incident categories. This variation is found both between months of the year and the day of the week for many of the incident categories, but the patterns are different for different incident categories. Within this understanding there are many changes in hot spots, modus operandi, theft endangered objects and handling methods during time, but the basic theoretical frame of reference is still more or less the same. Research limitations/implications The research is based on theories deduced from criminology and logistics together with secondary data regarding cargo theft. The geographically limitation to the Europe is done of practical reasons whiles the frame of reference can be used globally for analysis antagonistic threats against transports. Practical implications This research is limited by the content and classification within the TAPA EMEA IIS database. Nevertheless, this database is the best available database and the reports comes mainly from the industry itself, represented by the different TAPA members how report their losses anonymous, nevertheless the quality of the data limits the possibility to make normative statements about cargo theft prevention. What is original/value of paper This paper is the first within supply chain risk management that utilizes actual crime statistics reported by the industry itself, in order to analyze the occurrence of cargo theft by focusing on the value of the stolen vehicle/goods in relation with incident categories.

Details: Conference paper, 2012. 17p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 14, 2018 at: http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:887489/FULLTEXT01.pdf

Year: 2012

Country: Europe

URL: http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:887489/FULLTEXT01.pdf

Shelf Number: 150871

Keywords:
Cargo Theft
Freight Industry
Risk Management
Stolen Goods
Stolen Property
Supply Chain Security
Theft of Goods
Transport Security

Author: Pew Charitable Trusts

Title: South Carolina Reduced Theft Penalties While Safely Cutting Prison Population

Summary: In 2010, South Carolina enacted comprehensive sentencing reforms that included a provision to increase the state's felony theft threshold-the dollar value of stolen money or goods above which prosecutors may charge a person with a felony rather than a misdemeanor-and revise penalties for certain property crimes. The state is one of 37 that changed their theft thresholds between 2000 and 2016. Felony offenses are typically punishable by a year or more in state prison, while misdemeanors can result in up to a year in a local jail, so South Carolina's changes have the effect of prioritizing costly prison space for those convicted of more serious offenses. The new policy also represents an acknowledgment by lawmakers that inflation raises the value of stolen goods and therefore has an impact on the penalties imposed. For example, in a state with a $500 threshold, stealing a bicycle worth $250 in 1985 would have led to a misdemeanor charge, but today, because of inflation, that same bicycle would be worth $5752 and stealing it would result in a felony charge, potential prison time, and the diminished employment and housing prospects, occupational licensing restrictions, and other consequences that can accompany a felony conviction. In April 2017, The Pew Charitable Trusts published a study of 30 states that had raised their felony theft thresholds between 2000 and 2012 and found that the reforms did not interrupt downward trends in property crime or larceny rates. These states reported roughly the same average decrease in crime as the 20 states that had not changed their theft laws, and threshold amounts were not correlated with property crime or larceny rates. Now, Pew has undertaken an analysis of South Carolina's change in an effort to expand on the national study by examining a broader range of outcomes, including the relationships among higher dollar thresholds, crime, and the value of stolen goods. The evaluation reinforced the earlier findings, determining that since the 2010 law was implemented-even as South Carolina has sent fewer people to prison for theft offenses, and for shorter terms-the state's property crime rate has continued to fall. Pew also found that the value of items stolen did not change, alleviating concerns that a higher threshold would lead not only to more theft but also to targeted theft of more expensive goods. This brief delves into the findings of this research and demonstrates how South Carolina's results provide further evidence that states can increase their felony theft thresholds without compromising public safety.

Details: Pew Charitable Trusts: 2018. 10p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 7, 2018 at:https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/issue-briefs/2018/04/south-carolina-reduced-theft-penalties-while-safely-cutting-prison-population

Year: 2018

Country: United States

URL: https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/issue-briefs/2018/04/south-carolina-reduced-theft-penalties-while-safely-cutting-prison-population

Shelf Number: 151439

Keywords:
Prison Sentencing Reform
Property Crime
Sentencing Reform
Stolen Goods
Theft
Theft Reduction

Author: Ekwall, Daniel

Title: Theft of Goods in Ports: A review of TAPA EMEA IIS statistics

Summary: This report examines patterns of reported cargo thefts at maritime transport facilities in Europe, the Middle East, and Africa (EMEA) with respect to frequency, incident category, modus operandi, and targeted product category. The analysis is based on data obtained from the Incident Information Service (IIS), a database of transport-related crimes from the Transported Asset Protection Association (TAPA) in the EMEA region. The results are analysed and discussed within a frame of reference based on supply chain risk management and criminology theories. We find that maritime transport facilities constitute a rare target location for cargo thieves, as only 102 of more than 24,500 incidents (0.4%) in the IIS database occur there. Nevertheless, some conclusions can be made. First, there seems to be seasonality in day of the week, but probably not in month of the year. Second, violent and fraudulent modi operandi of theft at maritime transport facilities are about as common as in the whole data set. Thus, it could be conjectured that the impact from violent and fraudulent incidents is several times higher than the most common types of incident category or modus operandi, although this is unsupported in this study. The product categories signal that there is big variation in value in stolen goods. Third, it is possible that potential perpetrators consider security levels at maritime transport facilities to be higher, leading to fewer theft attempts. This study is limited by the content of and classifications within the TAPA EMEA IIS database.

Details: Turku, Finland: HAZARD Project, Turku School of Economics, University of Turku, 2018. 38p.

Source: Internet Resource: Publications of the Hazard Project, 18:2018: Accessed November 27, 2018 at: http://www.utu.fi/en/sites/hazard/publications/Documents/HAZARD%20Publication%2018%20Theft%20of%20Goods%20in%20Ports.pdf

Year: 2018

Country: International

URL: http://www.utu.fi/en/sites/hazard/publications/Documents/HAZARD%20Publication%2018%20Theft%20of%20Goods%20in%20Ports.pdf

Shelf Number: 153852

Keywords:
Cargo Security
Cargo Theft
Hot Products
Maritime Crime
Port Security
Stolen Goods
Theft of Goods

Author: European Crime Prevention Network

Title: Tackling of Itinerant Criminal Groups: New Challenges

Summary: Itinerant criminal groups entered the picture when at the end of the 90ies � early 2000s, Eastern and Central European gangs were increasingly found responsible for systematic burglaries in houses, in companies and shops, for ram raids and certain forms of car thefts. Based on their modi operandi it was already clear back then that the gangs were well-organised and operated systematically and that they were mainly interested in cash and goods they could sell on illegal stolen goods markets and second-hand markets. As these problems were having an increasing impact on the feeling of insecurity of the population, the police authorities took up the gauntlet and have put in place adequate measures. Lots of policy guidelines were issued at different management levels, which are contained, among others, in the successive National and Regional security plans, the Executive Note "Integral Security", as well as the guidelines of the Board of public prosecutors or other authorities. Within this regulating framework, the policy statement of 22 March 2007 from the Ministers of the Interior and Justice, prepared under coordination of the Prime Minister, is of major importance. This policy document sets out an unambiguous definition of the concept of itinerant criminal groups and contains an in-depth study of the different criminal phenomena, their nature and their basis of occurrence. On the basis of this analysis an overview was made of the different police measures that needed to be put in place, according to the philosophy of the security chain. This policy document gave rise to lots of initiatives from the judicial and administrative authorities, both on a federal, district and local level, including: - the distribution of a circular letter by the Board of public prosecutors to the offices of the public prosecutors and the police forces of the country containing specific measures; - lots of administrative measures taken by the directorate-general "Security and Prevention" of the FGD of the Interior. Phenomenon-specific consultations with lots of actors were set up; - the intensification of the criminal investigation approach on initiative of the public prosecutor and the federal prosecutor. In addition, the latter coordinates when necessary and stimulates more specifically the international judicial cooperation; - the required capacity and reference persons were provided by the local and federal police. Moreover, this policy document (the so-called "green brochure") acquired an important value as an information carrier for the many services which are directly or indirectly involved in tackling itinerant criminals. Three years after this policy was first published, an update was required. First of all the external environment is rapidly changing. The opening-up of more boundaries in the European Union is already leavings its marks and the financial-economic crisis is hitting hard. In addition, itinerant criminal groups are exploring new criminal markets based on a cost-benefit approach and are abandoning other fields of action. Finally, the police authorities and police services have increased their know-how about how to cope with these problems and would like to share these new insights with all the parties involved. All this resulted in an updated policy document. Fully in the spirit of the integral and integrated approach, all relevant actors were maximally involved in drawing up this final document by means of information sessions and participation in work groups about specific aspects.

Details: Brussels, Belgium: European Crime Prevention Network, 2010. 36p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 23, 2019 at: https://eucpn.org/sites/default/files/content/download/files/16._report_-_itinerant_criminal_groups.pdf

Year: 2010

Country: Europe

URL: https://eucpn.org/knowledge-center

Shelf Number: 156022

Keywords:
Burglaries
Criminal Markets
Europe
Illegal Goods
Illicit Markets
Itinerant Criminal Groups
Stolen Goods

Rutgers - School of Law, Newark

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